![]() ![]() (client-to-server) The user fills up the query criteria inside the form and submits the form.(server-to-client) The HTTP server returns an HTML form (client-side program), which is loaded and rendered in the client's browser.(client-to-server) A user, via a web browser (HTTP client), issues a URL request to an HTTP server to start a webapp.Server-Side Programs: Could be written in Java Servlet/JSP, ASP, PHP, Perl, Python, JavaScript, and others.Client-Side Programs: Could be written in HTML Form, JavaScript, and others.Database: E.g., Open-source MySQL, PostgreSQL, Apache Derby, mSQL, SQLite, OpenOffice's Base Commercial Oracle, IBM DB2, SAP SyBase, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access and others.HTTP Client (or Web Browser): E.g., Internet Explorer (MSIE), FireFox, Chrome, Safari, and others.HTTP Server: E.g., Apache HTTP Server, Apache Tomcat Server, Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), nginx, Google Web Server (GWS), and others.Examples of webapps are google, amazon, facebook and twitter.Ī webapp is typically a 3-tier (or multi-tier) client-server database application run over the Internet as illustrated in the diagram below. import Introduction Web Application (Webapp)Ī web application (or webapp), unlike standalone application, runs over the Internet. Tomcat 10 (under Jakarta EE 9) moves all the Tomcat 9 (under Java EE 8) packages in the javax.* namespace have moved to the jakarta.* namespace. (Advanced) Differences between Tomcat 10 and Tomcat 9 Install apache tomcat ubuntu install#To install Tomcat 9, see " Tomcat9 - Howto". Take note that Tomcat 10 is not compatible with Tomcat 9 - Applications that run on Tomcat 9 and earlier will not run on Tomcat 10 without changes. This installation and configuration guide is applicable to Tomcat 10. This practical can be completed in a 3-hour session. ![]()
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That's the real reasons why shit gets more expensive each year because too much dumb sheeps keeps paying those prices. These questions are rhetorical because let us be honest, everyone in this thread who is whining is going to buy the next Elder Scrolls on release day and take days off work to play it. If you were a wealthy man who had celebs on his phone contacts and you were working out on how you can make more money would you reduce your income when all your analysts tell you that your playerbase are dumb gullible sheep that can be exploited easily? Will you write off the yacht you wanted to buy because you want the players who were gonna throw $50 at you anyway to pay $10 instead? He does not give two fucks about your feelings regarding the price because he does not give a shit about "g4m1ng". That guy owns a mansion and lives a very rich life. That Tod guy or whatever his name is does not play video games. They exist to make money and if they see that consumers are braindead they will act accordingly. Stop complaining about business behaviour. How many dumb people buy a 3090 because they want to feel like they have the best even though they can't really afford it? Wanna take a wild guess whether the 4090 will be cheaper or pricier than the 3090? If you consumer sheep don't start growing brain cells and consider just maybe not mindlessly buying everything corporations throw in front of you then perhaps they would act in a more reasonable manner. SKYRIM JAXONZ RENAMER UPGRADEIf you already own Skyrim Special Edition, the MSRP for the Anniversary Upgrade on digital storefronts will be USD $19.99/EUR €19.99/GBP £15.99/AUD $29.95/RUB 1429 at launch.īy far the best part of this joke is the fact Bethesda are touting a resolution bump and faster loading that come from the XBS & PS5 as a "next gen upgrade" The MSRP for the Skyrim Anniversary Edition on digital storefronts will be USD $49.99/EUR €54.99/GBP £47.99/AUD $79.95/RUB 3399 at launch. What is the price of the Skyrim Anniversary Edition and the Anniversary Upgrade? Players who already own Skyrim Special Edition may choose to purchase just the Anniversary Upgrade, which includes all the Creation Club creation content mentioned above in one convenient, high-value bundle. Get a first look at some of the content included in our article here. SKYRIM JAXONZ RENAMER DOWNLOADThere is a switch Rus-Lat in SKSE_Patch to download (1.The Skyrim Anniversary Edition bundles together Skyrim Special Edition with every piece of Creation Club content released at the time of the Anniversary Edition’s launch, including additional quests, armor and gameplay modes. Alt-Shift) for their task to rename objects. SKYRIM JAXONZ RENAMER MODSkyUI - the Selection of equipment filterįor setting filter for multi-language objects you can use the mod Jaxonz Renamer-221, which uses Rus-Lat (CL. 21306749 is also a reply to the same post. Back to top 457 jaxonz Posted 05 January 2015 - 06:07 PM Faithful poster Supporter 1,818 posts In response to post 21305069. To do this, enter a Name that is in all elements of the set, and then change from the filtered list If you just use the Renamer key it will rename a single instance, but if you hold down shift and then tap the Renamer key it will rename the object globally. ![]() The selection is done by creating a filter in the upper right corner. ![]() ![]() Use the filter in the directory Clothes to the selection In this example, there was the option Remove the armor so gloves are not updated Q to select a group and press CL R to select and return.įor complete removal of all previous armor/clothing, you need all groups to enable the option. to select the icon.ĭuring the game, dressing up to run by pressing F1-F8, or CL. Set the cursor on the object and press Alt C. Similarly to make all selected objects to the group. So introduced the subject in a given group/set. F, to select the cell at the bottom of the window and press CL. To go from a list of items and go to the list of favorites Q CL. To change the usual way, simultaneously marking objects CL. Menu SkyUI / Management to assign hotkeys. SkyUI gives the possibility to create 8 sets of armor/clothes for a quick dressing with a choice of hot keys or by activation of the options are set to favorites classQ. The creation of groups of equipment to autoprotease SKYRIM JAXONZ RENAMER MODSIt is no secret that the mods on armor and clothing very much, which would make it hard to wear the right kit. SKYRIM JAXONZ RENAMER HOW TOSkyUI - how to change? (The Elder Scrolls 5: Skyrim) ![]() ![]() ![]() Risk Management and Business Planning Seminar for Design and Construction Professionals - The Administrative Side of the Practice Part IX, conducted for various clients lectures and papers presented, Oak Brook, Illinois, June 11, 2013. conducted for various clients and insureds Chicago, IL October 17, 2013. Root Causes of Large Losses - Panel Discussion, Marsh, Inc. Risk Management and Business Planning Seminar for Design and Construction Professionals - The Administrative Side of the Practice Part X, conducted for various clients lectures and papers presented, Oak Brook, Illinois, April 10, 2014. Also, for the past 15+ years, Jeff served as national counsel for all Federal Fair Housing Act and ADA matters filed against CNA-insured design professionals. Following that initial involvement, Jeff Kubes and his team have handled hundreds of high profile Federal Fair Housing Act and ADA matters throughout the U.S. Federal Fair Housing Act/ADA: Jeff served as lead counsel representing numerous design professionals that were cited and sued by the U.S.Jeff and his team achieved a favorable settlement on behalf of their clients - totaling less than 5% of the $90 million received by all plaintiffs. The litigation lasted over four years, including 18 plaintiffs filing lawsuits against 20 different defendants and involved well in excess of 60 fact and expert depositions. John Hancock Building litigation: Jeff was the lead counsel representing design professionals in a matter involving a swing stage that fell from the 34th floor, resulting in injuries and several deaths.Prolific author, highly sought-after lecturer and expert litigator, Jeff Kubes is proud to continue setting new standards in civil litigation. Jeff provides a variety of legal services to our clients including:Ĭivil Litigation, Professional Liability, Commercial Litigation, Tort Liability Defense, Appellate Practice, Coverage Litigation ![]() #Jeffrey kubes trial#Mediation, Arbitration, Trial and Appeals. ![]() ![]() ![]() It’s very helpful having photos of the recipes for reference. ![]() Winner #1: Shawn “Tasty Kitchen has been a wonderful resource for finding good recipes to make for our family and for special occasions. I can’t thank you all enough for your great feedback I’ve been reading and taking notes! Here are the winners of the KitchenAid mixers. Thank you, Larry, for sharing such a yummy recipe. This would be perfect for company-so easy to make! If you use very strong coffee, the flavor will really come through and result in a very rich mocha flavor. The Verdict: This was absolutely delicious. I whipped some cream and plopped it on top.Īnd this turned out to be a very good move. It’s funny-until I scooped into it, I didn’t realize this would be a lava-type cake. This would definitely be the part in the recipe where Larry warns “it will look terrible!” I don’t think it looks terrible at all, though…just curious!īake for 40 minutes on 350 degrees, then remove from the oven. And I made it very strong: two heaping tablespoons of coffee! We’ll see how it turns out. I didn’t have any coffee made, so I mixed instant coffee crystals in a cup of water. Then sprinkle the mixture evenly over the top of the cake batter.Īfter that mixture is evenly sprinkled and distributed, pour cold coffee all over the top. In a separate bowl, mix together sugar, brown sugar, and cocoa powder. Now, this is where it starts getting weird. ![]() Mine was about 6 1/2 x 6 1/2, but 8 x 8 would work fine. Stir it together until all combined, then spread in a thoroughly greased square pan. Mix together the sifted mixture, the chocolate mixture, and the milk/vanilla mixture. In a separate container, mix together the milk and vanilla. Sift together sugar, flour, baking powder, and salt. Stir it until the mixture is totally melted and smooth. Melt butter and unsweetened chocolate in the microwave for about 45 seconds. I served mine with freshly whipped cream and absolutely loved every bite. It turns out a little bit like a lava cake or baked fudge, but with a lovely coffee undertone. You’ve got to love the honesty!īut no matter what it looks like halfway through, the end result is all that I wanted it to be…and more. I thought it was funny that halfway through the printable recipe, the submitter (thanks, Larry!) warns us that “this will look TERRIBLE”. Second, I love any recipe with “mocha” in the title. First of all, I love any recipe with either “mystery” or “surprise” in the title. The second I read the name of this recipe, I just knew I had to make it. Serve this with your V-Day dinner! I absolutely loved it. It's been a great adventure, one I could never imagine.Note: Since Valentine’s Day is just around the corner, I’m bringing up this chocolate wonder from the step-by-step archives. And I kept taking the steps,” she says about her journey. “There is no way I could have planned any of this. I just followed one step which led to the next. “Just jump in and you'll know soon enough if it is something you want to keep doing.”Įven with all she has accomplished on her own terms Drummond says that she has a hard time reflecting on her success because she is so focused on the next blog post or what is coming next. “Don’t get paralysis by analysis,” adds Drummond. Whenever possible she advises to keep self-doubt at bay. And that's because I've taken a lot of really bad pictures through the years. But whole recent cookbook was shot by me. “I was a terrible photographer when I started my blog I know nothing about photography. Get a camera and take pictures,” or whatever it is you want to do,” she says. When asked to offer guidance to those, especially bloggers, who are staring out, Drummond takes a pragmatic approach. “I could request the smallest thing and they were on it.” “They sent me as many versions as I needed to before I they had my seal of approval,” she says. #PIONER WOMAN BLOG PLUS#Plus Kraft Heinz let her keep tweaking the recipes until she felt they were just right. But to get beautiful sides in casserole form was a very exciting proposition.” You can get lasagna and and main dish casseroles. “There aren't a lot of frozen options that are side casseroles like that. The side dishes are really close to my heart because they feel and taste like they are homemade,” says Drummond. “Kraft Heinz and I had a very similar vision about wanting to really recreate my favorite family recipes. ![]() ![]() ![]() The “Edit Table Definition” dialog appears. You can then export your data as SQL or CSV. This contains the instructions necessary to re-create a database and insert its data into a database.Īnother common format used to import table definitions and data is the comma-separated values (CSV) format. You can use a data-generation site, such as Database Test Data, to generate dummy data for practicing purposes. Sometimes, you might be given or sent a database dump file in SQL format. We’re going to look at two ways you can import both data and database table definitions, as well as how you can create your own database. When DB4S starts, it doesn’t have a database loaded into it. On Manjaro, we use pacman: sudo pacman -Sy sqlitebrowser #Db browser for sqlite attach database installOn Fedora, you type: sudo dnf install sqlitebrowser To install DB4S on Ubuntu, use the following command (again, note the installation still uses the old name): sudo apt-get install sqlitebrowser ![]() You can make sure the command does what you think it’s going to before you hard-code some SQL into your application.
![]() ![]() ![]() Practicing in rhythms would help this passage too….again, that is a pretty advanced technique, but it is like my SILVER BULLET for any hard passage.Sometimes we blame our bow, but it’s really left hand’s fault. This forces your bow arm to learn efficient string crossings, AND it forces your left hand to be more articulate and on time. Bar 2 would be up bow….and it’s okay to hook them. This is an awfully advanced trick so you might not be able to use it, but in essence, you would do Bar 1 all in a down bow slur. When I cannot play a passage detache’ up to tempo, even after practicing like crazy, I SLUR it. Here is a trick I use ALL THE TIME on my hardest pieces.(D-A-A-E-A-E-E-D-D-) Get this as fast as you can, maintaining greasy elbow, although your bows will get shorter….and that’s ok. Try playing the opening passage of Minuet 2 using only open strings, but maintaining the rhythm and bowings of Minuet 2.Play open string exercises in a mirror….SLOW, BIG BOWS….watch your elbow! Shoulder gets bossy and butts into Elbow’s job. Remember: shoulder crosses strings, elbow makes the up-bow/down-bows. This is because those string crossings make us lock up because our elbow motion gets mixed in with the shoulder motion which is needed to cross the strings. I bet if you pay attention (looking in a mirror) you will notice that your elbow is not nice and greasy like in the Twinkle Variations. MAKE SURE you are using SUPER GREASY ELBOW (this is a term you’ll learn in the Red Desert Violin Suzuki Book 1 online violin lessons.BE SURE to come back to Minuet 2, so that you can really conquer the string crossings, though, because you will need those skills for Gavotte! Sometimes moving ahead to Minuet 3 sort of allows the skills to marinate, and avoid burn-out.I think it is the hardest song in the whole book, including Gavotte, and it’s all because of those darned string crossings! Practice tips for Minuet 2 First of all, you wouldn’t be human if you didn’t hit a wall on Minuet 2. ![]() ![]() ![]() #Ww2 online game production community districts codeWith this input we are able to provide holistic and practical advice to the health system which consistently places the individual and their support network at the centre of change and service improvement.Ĭonsumers and carers have been integral to the development of many of our key projects including the Youth Health Policy, WA Disability Health Framework 2015 - 2025, WA Framework for Persistent Pain 2016-2021, Models of Care, and many more. Video Game Production (DEG) Academic Plan Code 3890 Total Credits Required 61-76 Catalog Year 2021-2022 Effective Term Fall 2021 Final Term Summer 2022 Program Notes Students must earn a grade of C or better for all courses required within the program. We connect with individuals, peak bodies Health Consumers Council (external site) and Carers WA (external site), and consumer and carer advocacy groups to ensure an active consumer and carer voice in the work we do, and to help guide the direction of our Health Networks. Health Networks recognise this and actively encourage consumers and carers to be involved in every Health Network project. Subscribe to Health Networks (external site) to receive the latest information and updates from our Networks.Ĭonsumers and carers play an important role in shaping our health services. Membership to Health Networks is open to everybody who has a passion about health including consumers and carers, health professionals, policy-makers and planners, researchers and academics, health service providers and non-government organisations. Get the latest news and become a member today They are supported by Executive Advisory Groups to help guide the valuable work each Health Network undertakes. There is no single player mode in this scenario. The scenario is set in the First World War, where one player plays with Germany and the other plays with France. The district is not responsible for facts or opinions contained on any linked site. This website was produced by the Capital Region BOCES Communications Service, Albany, NY. Health Networks is made up of 11 Networks which have led the development of 58 Models of Care and nine Frameworks, providing outlines for gold standard practice in a variety of health areas.Įach Health Network is overseen by a Network 'Lead' or 'Co-Leads', who are experts in their field. Wikipedia has a page called: First Battle of the Marne War Machine is a 1-on-1 multiplayer scenario in Civilization VI: Gathering Storm. This page is maintained by The Mohonasen Communications Office according to Mohonasen Central School District Web publishing regulations. is now facing increasing development pressures that threaten to consume areas not. Partnering with consumers and community Are disadvantaged communities, which may be paradoxically rich in.With a focus on a patient-centred approach to health care, Health Networks brings together consumers, clinicians, policy makers and allied health professionals, to improve best practice, develop strategic partnerships, and provide leadership and engagement in the sector. Health Networks enables all Western Australians to connect, share and improve our health services. ![]() ![]() ![]() Consequently, guidelines for developing wave energy converters (WECs) are still developing themselves, especially around experimental uncertainty analysis (UA). Ocean wave energy has significant technical potential but limited full-scale deployments and technology convergence. An experimental campaign with a five-WEC array is under preparation at the moment of writing. Within the “WECfarm” project, two experimental campaigns were performed at the Aalborg University wave basin: (a) a testing of the first WEC in April 2021 and (b) a testing of a two-WEC array in February 2022. Wave basin testing includes long- and short-crested waves and extreme wave conditions, representing real sea conditions. The WEC array control and data acquisition are realised with a Speedgoat Performance real-time target machine, offering the possibility to implement advanced WEC array control strategies in the MATLAB-Simulink model. The WECs are equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), addressing the need for WEC array tests with an accurate and actively controllable power take-off (PTO). This article presents the design of the “WECfarm” experimental setup, consisting of an array of five generic heaving point-absorber WECs. The identified research gaps are translated into design requirements for the “WECfarm” WEC array setup and test matrix. To cover the scientific gap of experimental data necessary for the validation of recently developed (nonlinear) numerical models for WEC arrays, Ghent University has introduced the “WECfarm” project. This article provides a literature review on the state of the art in physical modelling of point-absorber WEC arrays and the identification of research gaps. Moreover, the WEC array layout should be optimised simultaneously with the applied control strategy. Optimising the WEC array layout to obtain constructive interference within the WEC array is theoretically beneficial, whereas for wind farms, it is only important to avoid destructive interference within an array of wind turbines due to wake effects. This point-absorber WEC acts as an efficient wave absorber that is also an efficient wave generator. A point-absorber WEC consists of a floating or submerged body to capture wave energy from different wave directions. The paper concludes with a discussion summarising the findings and demonstrating the importance of understanding uncertainties, showing their potential effects on results obtained.Ĭommercial wave energy exploitation will be realised by placing multiple wave energy converters (WECs) in an array configuration. The sources of uncertainty are described, along with statistical measures used to assess their impact and ensure that model data collected is of sufficient quality to allow numerical validation. This paper describes the primary uncertainties encountered in a set of physical array tests undertaken at Queen’s University Belfast. This uncertainty may impact validation of numerical models where it is of the same order of magnitude as the array interactions to be measured. In particular, physical experiments and measurements may not be completely repeatable and reproducible. Unfortunately, physical modelling of array interactions using a wave basin is challenging due to the difficulties in replicating numerical model characteristics. Physical validation of these results using a wave basin has been identified as an urgent requirement in the wave energy industry. ![]() Much of the published literature focusing on the performance assessment of arrays of Wave Energy Converters describes work carried out in analytical and numerical domains. ![]() ![]() ![]() Have a simple but important conversation about how the little pieces they see in front of them are actually called letters and putting them together makes the words they hear and say everyday. #TALKING ALPHABET PUZZLE FREE#The app is free from ads and links to Facebook and Twitter, so kids will stay within the app and cannot post random app news to your social networking feeds.As a toddler, your child is just beginning to be exposed to the idea of letters, words, and spellings. #TALKING ALPHABET PUZZLE HOW TO#Even young toddlers will have little trouble figuring out how to click on the letters to watch them transform. Talking ABC is a child-friendly app that kids will find easy to navigate and use. Toddlers and preschoolers will spend a significant amount of time using the app and learn their letters and letter sounds as they play. ![]() Valueįor the amount of entertainment it offers and the high quality graphics and sound it contains, Talking ABC is a good value. Peppy background music also plays throughout the app and the animals make fun sound effects which help increase the fun factor. Some kids will enjoy picking out letters and animals, while others will have the most fun typing silly words into the app and watching the animals form them. The games appeal to different interests and different levels of learners. The app includes six different games, a whole alphabet of clay animals, and a catchy animal songs. EntertainmentĮarly learners, from toddlers through kindergarten, will find Talking ABC to be very entertaining. For some letters, the app introduces animal names kids may not be familiar with, such as xiphias for X. Kids will also learn new animal names as they go through the app. They can practice letter and animal recognition, build spelling skills as they make funny words, or play a simple memory or puzzle game. Through the games, kids can interact with words in many different ways. ![]() Both the song and the other alphabet-related activities will help kids learn to recognize the letters of the alphabet and their sounds. ![]() One of the first aspects of the app kids will experience is a catchy alphabet song that lists the letters of the alphabet and the name of an animal that starts with each letter. From the graphics to the sound effects, Talking ABC is a high-quality app and it is clear the developers put a lot of time into perfecting the details, from the clay spikes on the dinosaur’s back to the head of the xiphias. In the game section, each of the six games is clearly laid out and easy for kids to play. Icons at the bottom of the screen direct kids to the song, games, and settings. When they transform from letter to animal and back again, the clay rolls up into a little ball and the new shape is formed, complete with accompanying squishing and stretching sounds. The letters and animals look like they were made from clay. One of the coolest aspects of Talking ABC is its Claymation-like animation. Talking ABC is a cute, colorful and interactive app that kids will help kids learn their letters and entertain them at the same time. With six games to play, kids can make words, find specific animals and letters, and play memory and puzzle games. When kids get tired of going through the letters and playing with the animals, the app offers more opportunities to keep them entertained. They can also listen to a catchy alphabet song where both the letters and the animals they represent are featured as the song is sung. Kids will enjoy changing the letters to animals and back multiple times and listening to the animals as they talk in their squeaky voices. When kids tap on a letter, it is instantly transformed into a clay animal whose name starts with the same letter of the alphabet. All 26 letters of the alphabet are represented by animated clay letters. Toddlers and preschoolers will love Talking ABC, an interactive alphabet app that brings the letters of the alphabet to life. ![]() ![]() In asymmetric conditions, the two reward probabilities differed between cues (25/75%). ![]() In all conditions each cue was associated with a stationary probability of reward. In this task, options (abstract cues) were presented in fixed pairs (i.e. Healthy subjects performed a probabilistic instrumental learning task with monetary feedbacks, previously used in brain imaging, pharmacological and clinical studies 13-15 ( Figure 1A). Finally, our fMRI results confirmed at the functional level the assumptions of our computational model as well as the VBM results. Our imaging results indicate that the interindividual variability in the tendency in optimistic learning correlates with grey matter density in the dorsal prefrontal cortices. However the question remains, whether or not such interindividual differences are related to specific anatomical, supposedly developmental, variability as revealed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM). #Unrealistic optimism could best be described as an updateBehavioral differences in optimistic beliefs and optimistic update have been shown to be reflected by differences in brain activation in the prefrontal cortex ( Sharot et al., 2011). Our and previous studies suggest that the good news/bad news effect is highly variable across subjects. The good news/bad news effect can then be considered as a particular consequence of a more general asymmetry in reinforcement learning, accounting for the optimism bias. Furthermore, this tendency of using the asymmetric model covaried with optimistic trait as measured with standard psychometric scale (LOT-R). Over two experiments, we found subjects’ behavior was better explained by the asymmetric model, with an overall difference in learning rates consistent with preferential learning from positive, compared to negative, prediction errors. The first model (a standard RL algorithm) confounded individual learning rates for positive and negative feedbacks and the second one differentiated them, potentially accounting for learning asymmetries. To arbitrate between these two alternative possibilities, we analyzed instrumental behavior of subjects performing a simple two-armed bandit task, involving neutral stimuli and actual and immediate monetary outcomes, with two learning models. If the asymmetry is not found at the basic reinforcement learning level, this would mean that the asymmetry is specific of abstract belief updating, and this would require a theory explaining this discrepancy. If an asymmetric update is also found in a task involving neutral items and direct feedbacks, then the good news/bad news effect could be considered as a specific – cognitive – manifestation of a general reinforcement learning asymmetry. ![]() with no a priori desirability or undesirability). However, it remains unclear whether this learning asymmetry also applies to immediate reinforcement events driving instrumental learning directed to affectively neutral options (i.e. In this experimental context, belief formation triggers complex interactions between episodic, affective and executive cognitive functions ( Eil and Rao, 2011 Sharot et al., 2011, 2007), and belief updating relies on a learning process involving abstract probabilistic information ( Garrett et al., 2014 Moutsiana et al., 2015, 2013 Sharot et al., 2011). This good news/bad news effect has recently been demonstrated in the case where outcomes are hypothetical future prospects associated with a strong a priori desirability or undesirability (estimation of post-graduation salary or the probability of getting cancer) ( Shepperd et al., 1996 Waters et al., 2011). Indeed, preferentially revising one’s beliefs when provided with favorable compared to unfavorable information constitutes a learning bias which could, in principle, generates and sustains an overestimation of the likelihood of desired events and a concomitant underestimation of the likelihood of undesired events (optimism bias) ( Sharot and Garrett, 2016). One mechanism hypothesized to underlie this phenomenon is an asymmetry in belief updating, colloquially referred to as “the good news / bad news effect” ( Eil and Rao, 2011 Sharot et al., 2011). This cognitive trait in (healthy) humans is known as the optimism bias and has been repeatedly evidenced in many different guises and populations ( Shepperd et al., 2013, 2015 Weinstein, 1980) such as students projecting their salary after graduation ( Shepperd et al., 1996), women estimating their risk of getting breast cancer ( Waters et al., 2011) or heavy smokers assessing their risk of premature mortality ( Schoenbaum, 1997). People typically underestimate the likelihood of negative events and overestimate the likelihood of positive events. “ It is the peculiar and perpetual error of the human understanding to be more moved and excited by affirmatives than negatives whereas it ought properly to hold itself indifferently disposed towards both alike” (p. ![]() |
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